Lexical Definition

‎ὅπως‎ hópōs (hop'-oce) that ^G:CONJ
from ‎ὅς‎ and ‎πῶς‎

because, how, (so) that, to, when.

• what(-ever) how, i.e. in the manner that (as adverb or conjunction of coincidence, intentional or actual)

Abbott-Smith

ὅπως.
I. Relat. adv. of manner, as, how: c. indic., Lk 24:20.
II. Conj., c. subjc. (in cl. also c. opt., indic.: so in Mt 26:59, LT, Tr.), in order that, to the end that, that;
1. final, denoting purpose or design (in which the original idea of modality has been merged): after pres., Mt 6:2, al.; pf., Ac 9:17, al.; impf., Ac 9:24; aor., Ac 9:2, al.; plpf., Jo 11:57; fut., Mt 23:35; imperat., Mt 2:8, al.; ὅ. μή (M, Pr., 185), Mt 6:18, Lk 16:26, Ac 20:16, I Co 1:29; ὅ. πληρωθῇ, Mt 2:23 8:17 13:35; ὅ. ἄν (Bl., § 65, 2; WM, § 42, 5), Lk 2:35, Ac 3:19 15:17, Ro 3:4 (cf. Ge 12:13, Ps 59:7*, I Mac 10:32, al.).
2. After verbs of asking, exhorting, etc.: Mt 9:38, Lk 7:3, Ja 5:16, al. (in late writers its place is often taken by the correl. πῶς, q.v.).

Abbott-Smith References

Liddell-Scott-Jones

ὅπως,

Epic dialect also and Aeolic dialect ὅππως, Ionic dialect ὅκως, Doric dialect ὁπῶς accusative to [Refs 2nd c.AD+] adverb of Manner, Relat. as, in such manner as, and with interrogative force how, in what manner, rarely indefinite, see below [Refs 4th c.BC+]

__B FINAL CONJUNCTION, in such a manner that, in order that. adverb of Manner, how, as:
__B.I Relat. to ὥς or οὕτως (like ὡς), in such manner as, as:
__B.I.1 with the ordinary Constr. of the Relat.:
__B.I.1.a with indicative, ἦ τοι νόστον, ὅπως φρεσὶ σῇσι μενοινᾷς, ὥς τοι Ζεὺς τελέσειεν [Refs 8th c.BC+] adverb, με τοῖον ἔθηκεν, ὅπως (for οἷον)[Refs 8th c.BC+]; ὅ. ἔχω as I am, on the spot, [Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.I.1.b with future indicative, especially after Verbs of seeing, providing, taking care.., in the manner in which, how, that, οἱ Περσικοὶ νόμοι ἐπιμέλονται ὅπως μὴ τοιοῦτοι ἔσονται οἱ πολῖται [ὅπως τις βοήθεια ἥξει 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.4; τοῦτο μηχανᾶσθαι ὅπως ἀποφεύξεται πᾶν ποιῶν θάνατον 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Apologia” 39a; τούτου στοχαζόμενοι, ὅπως.. ἔσονται [prev. author] “Grg.” 502e (compare below 111.1 b, etc.)">Refs 5th c.BC+]: this future indicative may become optative after a historical tense, ἐπεμελεῖτο ὅπως μήτε ἄσιτοι μήτε ἄποτοί ποτε ἔσοιντο [Refs 5th c.BC+]; and ὅπως is frequently used interchangeably with such forms as δι᾽ ὧν, ὅτῳ τρόπῳ, etc., εἰσηγοῦνται μὴ δι᾽ ὧν.. ἀσκήσουσιν, ἀλλ᾽ ὅπως.. δόξουσι [Refs 5th c.BC+]: this sense easily passes into a final sense, so that, τοῦτο ἀπόβαλε οὕτω ὅκως μηκέτι ἥξει [Refs 5th c.BC+]; οὕτω δ᾽ (i.e. ποίει) ὅπως μήτηρ σε μὴ 'πιγνώσεται [Refs 5th c.BC+]; see below [Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.I.2 with ἄν (Epic dialect κε) and subjunctive in indefinite sentences, in whatever way, just as, however, ὅππως κεν ἐθέλῃσιν [ὅπως ἐθέλῃσιν (without κε) 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 1.349, 6.189); οὕτως ὅκως ἂν καὶ δυνώμεθα 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 8.143; οὕτως ὅπως ἂν αὐτοὶ βούλωνται 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 1.1.2, compare “IG” 22.1.13 (5th c.BC), 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 116a, “Smp.” 174b, etc. ">Refs 8th c.BC+]
__B.I.2.b with optative after historical tenses, οὕτως ὅ. τύχοιεν [Refs 5th c.BC+]; in a gnomic statement, εἰκῇ κράτιστον ζῆν ὅ. δύναιτό τις [ὅπως, ὅ. ἄν τις ὀνομάσαι τοῦτο">Refs 5th c.BC+] however one might think fit to call it, [Refs 4th c.BC+]
__B.I.3 a very common phrase is οὐκ ἔστιν ὅ. (οὐκ ἔσθ᾽ ὅπως) there is no way in which.., it cannot be that, οὐκ ἔστι ὅκως κοτὲ σοὺς δέξονται λόγους [Refs 5th c.BC+]; so οὐκ ἔστιν ὅ. οὐ, fieri non potest quin, οὐκ ἔσθ᾽ ὅ. οὐ πιστὸν ἐξ ὑμῶν πτερὸν ἐξήγαγ᾽ [Refs 5th c.BC+]; οὐδαμῶς ὅ. οὐ, in answer, it must positively be so, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; οὐ γὰρ γένοιτ᾽ ἄν, ταῦθ᾽ ὅ. οὐχ ὧδ᾽ ἔχειν (anacoluthon for ἔχει or ἕξει) [Refs 5th c.BC+]; ἔστιν οὖν ὅ. ὁ τοιοῦτος φιλοσοφήσε; [Refs 5th c.BC+] may be followed by optative with ἄν, οὐ γάρ ἐσθ᾽ ὅπως μί᾽ ἡμέρα γένοιτ᾽ ἂν ἡμέραι δύο [ὅπως ἂν.. κατέστησαν 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 15.206, compare 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 33.28: ἄν">Refs 5th c.BC+] is omitted in οὐκ ἔσθ᾽ ὅπως λέξαιμι [Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.I.4 in Trag., etc., like{ὡς} in comparisons, κῦμ᾽ ὅπως [ὅπως 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Trachiniae” 32, compare 442, 683 ">Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὅπως δρῦν ὑλοτόμοι σχίζουσι κάρα [ὅπως ἁ πάνδυρτος ἀηδών [prev. work] 1076 (Lyric poetry),compare “Ph.” 777, 5th c.BC: Euripides Tragicus “Andromache” 1140; ὅκως τις καλλίης κάτω κύπτων 3rd c.BC: Herodas Mimographus 3.41 ">Refs 5th c.BC+]; so in Locrian dialect Prose, ὅπω(σ)ξένον [Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.I.5 like{ὡς} or ὅτι, with superlative of Advs., ὅ. ἄριστα [Refs 4th c.BC+]; ὅ. ἀνωτάτω as high up as possible, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; in full, οὕτως ὅ. ἥδιστα (i.e. ἔχει) [Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.I.6 with a genitive added, σοῦσθε ὅ. ποδῶν run as you are off for feet, i. e. as quick as you can, [Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.I.7 sometimes of Time, when, Τρῶες.. ὅπως ἴδον αἷμ᾽ Ὀδυσῆος.., ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ πάντες ἔβησαν [Refs 8th c.BC+] with optative, whenever, ὅκως μὲν εἴη ἐν τῇ γῇ καρπὸς ἁδρός [Refs]: in Trag. and Comedy texts, [Refs 5th c.BC+]: with superlative of Advs., ὅ. πρῶτα as soon as, [Refs 8th c.BC+]
__B.I.8 of Place, where, uncertain in [Refs 3rd c.BC+]
__B.II ὅπως is sometimes used to introduce the substance of a statement, after Verbs of saying, thinking, or perceiving, that, how, λόγῳ ἀνάπεισον ὅκως.. [Refs 5th c.BC+]; τοῦτ᾽ αὐτὸ μή μοι φράζ᾽, ὅπως οὐκ εἶ κακός [Refs 5th c.BC+]; after ἐλπίζειν, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; after Verbs of emotion, ἐμοὶ δ᾽ ἄχος.., ὅπως δὴ δηρὸν ἀποίχεται grief is mine, when I think how.. (i. e. that.. ), [Refs 8th c.BC+]; after θαυμάζω frequently in Attic dialect, θαυμάζω ὅ. ποτὲ ἐπείσθησαν Ἀθηναῖοι [Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.II.2 οὐχ ὅ... ἀλλὰ or ἀλλὰ καὶ.. is not only not.. but.., and is explained by an ellipsis of λέγω or ἐρῶ (compare ὅτι IV), οὐχ ὅ. κωλυταὶ.. γενήσεσθε, ἀλλὰ καὶ.. δύναμιν προσλαβεῖν περιόψεσθε not only will you not become.., but you will also.., [ὅπως.., ἀλλὰ καὶ.. [prev. author] 21.11; οὔκουν ὅπως.., ἀλλὰ.. 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 8.2.12; also οὐχ ὅ..., ἀλλ᾽ οὐδέ.., οὐχ ὅ. ἀδικοῦντες, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδ᾽ ἐπιδημοῦντες ἐφυγαδευόμεθα [prev. author] “HG” 2.4.14; οὐχ ὅ. τῆς κοινῆς ἐλευθερίας μετέχομεν, ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ δουλείας μετρίας τυχεῖν ἠξιώθημεν 5th-6th c.BC: Isocrates Orator 14.5; διμοιρίαν λαμβάνων ἐν ταῖς θοίναις οὐχ ὅπως ἀμφοτέραις ἐχρῆτο, ἀλλὰ διαπέμπων οὐδετέραν αὑτῷ κατέλειπε 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Agesilaus” 5.1; οὐχ ὅ. ζημιοῦν, ἀλλὰ μηδ᾽ ἀτιμάζειν.. 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 3.42: so sometimes μὴ ὅ. (where an \_imperative\_ must be supplied), μὴ ὅ. ὀρχεῖσθαι ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲ ὀρθοῦσθαι ἐδύνασθε">Refs 5th c.BC+] do not think that you could dance = so far from being able to dance, [Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.II.2.b οὐχ ὅ. rarely follows another clause, to say nothing of.., let alone.., πεπαύμεθ᾽ ἡμεῖς, οὐχ ὅ. σε παύσομεν [Refs 5th c.BC+]; μηδ᾽ ἐμπίδα, οὐχ ὅπως ταῦρον ἔτι ἄρασθαι δυνάμενος.. let alone a bull, [Refs 2nd c.AD+]
__B.III in in direct questions, how, in what way or manner:
__B.III.1 with indicative,
__B.III.1.a ἔσπετε νῦν μοι ὅππως δὴ.. πῦρ ἔμπεσε νηυσίν [ὅπως ἤντησας 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 3.97; ὅπως ἠφανίσθη οὐδὲ λόγῳ εἰκότι δύνανται ἀποφαίνειν 5th c.BC: Antipho Orator 5.26; Ἀλκιβιάδης ἀνήχθη.. ἐπὶ κατασκοπὴν.. τοῦ οἴκαδε κατάπλου ὅπως ἡ πόλις πρὸς αὐτὸν ἔχοι 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Historia Graeca (Hellenica)” 1.4.11; οὐδέ τί πω σάφα ἴδμεν ὅπως ἔσται τάδε ἔργα 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 2.252, etc. ">Refs 8th c.BC+]
__B.III.1.b notably future after Verbs of deliberation (like the subjunctive, see[ὅπως ἔσται τάδε ἔργα 4.14 ">Refs]; φράζευ ὅπως Δαναοῖσιν ἀλεξήσεις κακὸν ἦμαρ (variant{ἀλεξήσῃς})[Refs 8th c.BC+]
__B.III.2 with deliberative subjunctive after Verbs of deliberation, taking care, and the like, λεύσσει ὅπως ὄχ᾽ ἄριστα.. γένηται [Refs 8th c.BC+]; ἐνόησεν (gnomic aorist) ὅππως κέρδος ἔῃ [ὅπως ἔλθῃσι 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 1.77, compare 13.365; οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ὅπως.. φῶ 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Oedipus Tyrannus” 1367, compare “Aj.” 428, 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 8.5, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Meno” 91d; ἐπιμελητέον ὅπως τρέφωνται οἱ ἵπποι 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “de Equitum magistro” 1.3, compare “Oec.” 7.36, 37, 9.14, 15.1, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 515c.">Refs 8th c.BC+]—Sts. the future and subjunctive are conjoined without difference of meaning, ἐπράττετο γὰρ.., πρῶτον μὲν ὅπως μὴ περιμείνητε.., δεύτερον δὲ ὅπως ψηφιε̄σθε.., τρίτον δὲ ὅπως μὴ ἔσται [ὅπως ἄν (κεν), see below 5. ">Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.III.3 with optative after tenses of past time, τῶν ἀδῄλων ὅπως ἀποβήσοιτο [ὅπως ἐξαπάφοιτο (direct speech πῶς ἐξαπάφωμα;) 8th c.BC: Ilias Homerus Epicus “Illiad” 14.160; μερμήριζεν ὅπως ἀπολοίατο πᾶσαι νῆες 8th c.BC: Odyssea Homerus Epicus “Odyssey” 9.554, compare 420; οὐ γὰρ εἴχομεν.. ὅπως δρῶντες καλῶς πράξαιμεν 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Antigone” 271; ἐπεμελήθημεν ὅπως ἐξαλειφθείη αὐτῷ τὰ ἁμαρτήματα 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 6.39, compare 13.32, 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Institutio Cyri (Cyropaedia)” 6.2.11. ">Refs 8th c.BC+]
__B.III.4 with optative and ἄν frequently expressing a wish, which in direct speech would be expressed by πῶς ἄν, σκόπει ὅ. ἂν ἀποθάνοιμεν ἀνδρικώτατα [Refs 5th c.BC+] and subjunctive sometimes appear in consecutive clauses, [Refs]
__B.III.5 ὅπως ἄν (κεν) with the subjunctive is used after imperative or infinitive used as imperative, πείρα ὅπως κεν δὴ σὴν πατρίδα γαῖαν ἵκηαι [Refs 8th c.BC+]
__B.III.6 rarely with infinitive, ἐπιμελήθητε προθύμως ὅπως διπλάσια.. σῖτα καὶ ποτὰ παρασκευασθῆναι [Refs 5th c.BC+]; so later ὅπως παρακολουθῆμεν (Doric dialect infinitive) [Refs 2nd c.BC+]; ὅπως.. ἔχειν, ὅπως.. εἴργεσθαι, [ὅπως πέμπιν “PTeb.” 315.30 (2nd c.AD). ">Refs 1st c.BC+]
__B.III.7 after Verbs of fear and caution, ὅπως and ὅπως μή are used with future indicative or aorist subjunctive:— the readings are frequently uncertain: the following (among others) are made certain either by the metre or the form,
__B.III.7.a with future indicative, δέδοιχ᾽ ὅπως μὴ τεύξομαι [ὅπως μὴ.. οἰχήσομαι 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Phaedo” 91c; φόβος.. ἔστιν.. ὅπως μὴ αὖθις διασχισθησόμεθα [prev. author] “Smp.” 193a ">Refs 5th c.BC+]: sometimes the preceding Verb is omitted, ὅπως μὴ οὐκ.. ἔσομαι [Refs]
__B.III.7.b with aorist subjunctive, τὴν θεὸν δ᾽ ὅ. λάθω δέδοικα [Refs 5th c.BC+]: rarely with present, οὐ φοβεῖ ὅ. μὴ ἀνόσιον πρᾶγμα τυγχάνῃς πράττων [Refs 5th c.BC+]: sometimes the preceding Verb is omitted, with aorist subjunctive, ὅκως μή τι ὑμῖν πανώλεθρον κακὸν ἐς τὴν χώρην ἐσβάλωσι [Refs 5th c.BC+]: with present subjunctive, ὅπως μὴ.. ᾖ τοῦτο [Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.III.7.c with optative representing subjunctive after a historical tense, [Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.III.8 this Constr. is used in admonitions or commands: in the originally Constr. a Verb implying caution or circumspection precedes, ὅρα ὅκως μή σευ ἀποστήσονται Πέρσαι [ὅπως μὴ ἐκδύσεται 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Vespae” 141; τηρώμεσθ᾽ ὅπως μὴ.. αἰσθήσεται [prev. work] 372: but this came to be omitted, and ὅπως or ὅπως μή">Refs 5th c.BC+] with future indicative or aorist subjunctive are exactly = the imperative, ἔμβα χὤπως ἀρεῖς [Refs]future indicative, ὅκως λόγον δώσεις τῶν μετεχείρισας χρημάτων, ={δίδου λόγον}, [Refs 5th c.BC+]; ὅπως παρέσει μοι, ={πάρισθι}, [ὅπως πετήσει [prev. author] “Pax” 77, compare 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 1.7.3, 5th c.BC: Lysias Orator 1.21, 12.50, 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Gorgias” 489a, etc.">Refs 5th c.BC+]: rarely with I person, ὁποῖα κισσὸς δρυός, ὅπως τῆσδ᾽ ἕξομαι [Refs 5th c.BC+]: very rarely with aorist subjunctive, ὅπως μή τι ἡμᾶς σφήλῃ [ὅπως μὴ.. ἐξαπατήσῃ [prev. author] “Prt.” 313c; ὅπως μὴ ποιήσητε 4th c.BC: Demosthenes Orator 4.20 codices">Refs 5th c.BC+] —The codices frequently vary, as between διδάξεις and -ξῃς [Refs 5th c.BC+]; τιμωρήσονται and -ωνται[Refs 5th c.BC+]; θορυβήσει and -σῃ[Refs 4th c.BC+] —Since the future is frequently, and the aorist (whether 1 or 2) rarely guaranteed by metre or form, the aorist 1 forms should probably be rejected, both in signification 7 and 8, in cases where codices vary.
__B.III.9 as the echo to a preceding πῶ; in dialogue, A καὶ πῶ; B ὅπως"; [do you ask] how? [Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.III.10 with a genitive (see.[ὅπως ἔχει καὶ δικαιοσύνης ">Refs]in the matter of.., [Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.IV in direct questions, how? ἔπραξας ὅπω; [Refs 4th c.AD+]-C.; compare ὅστις.
__B.V indefinite, anyhow, τὸ οὐδ᾽ ὅ. the expression 'not at all', [Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B FINAL CONJUNCTION, that, in order that, the original notion of modality being merged in that of purpose or design, compare ἵνα, with which it is sometimes interchanged, [ὅπως ἄν is used, “IG” 12.39.19, +others; ὅπως without ἄν only once in 4th c.BC, [prev. work]22.226.42 (4th c.BC), after which it becomes gradually prevalent: ">Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.1 with subjunctive,
__B.1.a after primary tenses, or after subjunctive or imperative, τὸν δὲ μνηστῆρες.. λοχῶσιν, ὅπως ἀπὸ φῦλον ὄληται [Refs 8th c.BC+]
__B.1.b after historical tenses (see. ἵνα [Refs 5th c.BC+]perfect form, or when the aorist represents the perfect, ξυνελέγημεν ἐνθάδε, ὅ. προμελετήσωμεν we were convened, i. e. we have met in assembly, [ὅπως μὴ χεῖρον βουλεύσησθε 5th c.BC: Thucydides Historicus 1.73; also when the occurrence purposed is regarded from the point of view of the person purposing, ἦλθον πρεσβευσόμενοι, ὅπως μὴ σφίσι.. τὸ αὐτῶν [ναυτικὸν] ἐμπόδιον γένηται [prev. work] 31, compare 57, 65 ">Refs 5th c.BC+], etc.: sometimes the optative and subjunctive appear in consecutive clauses, φρυκτοὺς παρεσκευασμένους ἐς αὐτὸ τοῦτο, ὅπως ἀσαφῆ τὰ σημεῖα.. ᾖ καὶ μὴ βοηθοῖεν [Refs]
__B.2 with optative after historical tenses, πὰρ δέ οἱ αὐτὸς ἔστη, ὅπως.. κῆρας ἀλάλκοι [Refs 8th c.BC+]; so in [Refs 5th c.BC+]: after historical present, πέμπει τούσδ᾽ ὅπως κτείνοιεν [ὅπως ἄγοι 5th-6th c.BC: Xenophon Historicus “Anabasis” 4.7.19: after \_optative\_, ἔλθοι.. ὅ. γένοιτο 4th-5th c.BC: Aeschylus Tragicus “Eumenides” 297, compare 5th c.BC: Sophocles Tragicus “Ajax” 1221 (Lyric poetry). ">Refs 5th c.BC+]
__B.3 with indicative,
__B.3.a of historical tenses, where the principal clause expresses an action or obligation unfulfilled, εἴθ᾽ εἶχε φωνὴν ἔμφρον᾽ ἀγγέλου δίκην, ὅ. δίφροντις οὖσα μὴ 'κινυσσόμην [Refs 5th c.BC+]: rare in Prose, ἐδεξάμην ἃν.. φράσαι πρὸς ὑμᾶς.., ὅ... προῄδετε [Refs 5th c.BC+]; τίς οὐκ ἂν.. ταῦτα ἐδήλωσεν, ὅ... ταῦτα ἠλέγχθ; [Refs 5th c.BC+]; τί.. οὐκ ἔρριψ᾽ ἐμαυτὴν.. ὅ. ἀπηλλάγη; [Refs 4th c.BC+]
__B.3.b of future, θέλγει, ὅ. Ἰθάκης ἐπιλήσεται (= φραζομένη ὅπως ἐ.) [Refs 8th c.BC+]: sometimes future indicative and aorist subjunctive are conjoined, σιγᾶθ᾽, ὅ. μὴ πεύσεταί τις, ὦ τέκνα, γλώσσης χάριν δὲ πάντ᾽ ἀπαγγείλῃ τάδε [Refs 4th c.BC+]
__B.II ὅπως with subjunctive is sometimes used after Verbs of will and endeavour, instead of the infinitive, λίσσεσθαι.. ὅ. νημερτέα εἴπῃ [Refs 8th c.BC+]; παρακελεύεσθε ὑμῖν αὐτοῖς ὅ... ἐξίητε [ὅπως ἂν οἰκουρῇ 5th-6th c.BC: Aristophanes Comicus “Acharnenses” 1060, compare 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 2.126, 3.44; διεκελεύετο ὅπως ἂν.. ἐγγράφωσί με 4th c.BC: Isaeus Orator 7.27 ">Refs 5th c.BC+]; so δεῖ σ᾽ ὅ. δείξεις (for δεῖξαι), [ὅπως,compare [prev. author] “Ph.” 55; δεῖ σ᾽ ὅπως.. μηδὲν διοίσεις.. 5th c.BC: Cratinus Comicus 108. ">Refs 5th c.BC+]