Lexical Definition

‎כָּשַׁל‎ kâshal (kaw-shal') to stumble ^H:V
a primitive root

bereave (from the margin), cast down, be decayed, (cause to) fail, (cause, make to) fall (down, -ing), feeble, be (the) ruin(-ed, of), (be) overthrown, (cause to) stumble, [idiom] utterly, be weak.

• to totter or waver (through weakness of the legs, especially the ankle)
• by implication, to falter, stumble, faint or fall

1) to stumble, stagger, totter
1a) (Qal)
1a1) to stumble
1a2) to totter
1b) (Niphal)
1b1) to stumble
1b2) to be tottering, be feeble
1c) (Hiphil)
1c1) to cause to stumble, bring injury or ruin to, overthrow
1c2) to make feeble, make weak
1d) (Hophal) to be made to stumble
1e) (Piel) bereave

See Greek: ἀδυνατέω · ἀνίημι · ἀπόλλυμι · ἀσθένεια · ἀσθενέω · ἐξουδενόω · κακόω · καταναλίσκω · κοπιάω · παραλύω · πίπτω · πλανάω · προσκόπτω · σκανδαλίζω · συντρίβω

Brown-Driver-Briggs

‎כָּשַׁל‎ verb stumble, stagger, totter (Late Hebrew id.; Syriac [] give offence (occasion for stumbling), σκανδαλιζω, (chiefly Ethpe`el Aph`el), see PS Brock Schw; Arabic is be heavy, sluggish); —

Qal Perfect ‎׳‎‎כ‎ Neh 4:4* +, (Hos 5:5b read ‎יִכָּשֵׁל‎, compare We), ‎כָּֽשְׁלָה‎ Isa 3:8; Isa 59:14 ‎כָּֽשְׁלוּ‎ Jer 46:6 +, ‎כָּשַׁלְנוּ‎ Isa 59:10, etc.; Imperfect 3 masculine plural ‎יכשׁ֑ולו‎ Prov 4:16 Kt (but read Hiph`il, q. v., so Qr); ‎יכשׁלו‎ Nah 3:3 Kt (but read Perfect ‎וְכָֽשְׁלוּ‎ so Qr); Infinitive absolute ‎כָּשׁוֺל‎ Isa 40:30 (c. Niph`al Imperfect); Participle active ‎כּוֺשֵׁל‎ Isa 5:27 + 2 t., ‎כּשֵׁל‎ 2Chr 28:15 Paslm 2Chr 105:37 feminine plural ‎כּשְׁלוֺת‎ Isa 35:3 —

1. stumble at, over, something, with ‎ב‎ (literally by means of), Nah 3:3, ‎׳‎‎גִּבּוֺר בְּגִבּוֺר כ‎ Jer 46:13 (+ ‎נָפַל‎), compare Lev 26:37 ‎׳‎‎וּנְעָרִיס בָּעֵץ כ‎ Lam 5:13 i.e. stagger (of toil in captivity); absolute Isa 5:27 ‎ׅ‎ || ‎(עָיֵף‎, ‎כָּֽשְׁלוּ וְנָפָ֑לוּ‎ Jer 46:6, compare ‎׳‎‎הִרְבָּה כּוֺשֵׁ֑ל גַּםנָֿפַל אישׁ וגו‎ vJer 46:16 (strange; Gie following in part ᵐ5 ᵑ6, ‎עֶרְבְּךָ כָּשַׁל וְנָפַל‎ thy mixed people — compare Jer 25:20, etc. — hath stumbled and hath fallen); often figurative of overthrow, throughdivine judgment, with ‎בְּ‎ at, (see above) Jer 6:21, so Isa 8:15 (+ ‎נָפַל‎ etc.) according to Ges Hi Bhul Che Di; < ‎בָּם‎ = among them, — Israel and Judah, — as ‎ב‎ in vIsa 8:16, so Ew De Du EV; Hos 4:5 (twice in verse); Hos 5:5; Hos 14:2* (‎בַּעֲוֺנֶָֽךָ‎, ‎בְּ‎ probably instrumental); absolute of Babylon, under figure of ‎זָדוֺן‎, ‎ונפל‎ ‎׳‎‎כ‎ Jer 50:32 ‎ונפל‎ ‎׳‎‎כ‎ Paslm Jer 27:2; Isa 3:8; Isa 31:3 (both || ‎נפל‎); of ‎אֱמֶת‎ Isa 59:14 in metaphor of anxiety, distress Isa 59:10, Paslm Isa 107:12.

2. totter, of knees, literal ‎מִצּוֺם‎ ‎׳‎‎בִּרְכַּי כ‎ Paslm Isa 109:24 my knees totter from fasting; figurative Isa 35:3 (|| ‎יָדַיִם רָפוֺת‎) ‎כּוֺשֵׁל‎ tottering one, literal Job 4:4; 2Chr 28:15 Paslm 2Chr 105:37 hence figurative, fail, of strength (‎כֹּחַ‎) Neh 4:4* Paslm Neh 31:11 — Infinitive absolute ‎כָּשׁוֺל‎, see below Niph`al Niph`al Perfect consecutive ‎וְנִכְשַׁל‎ Dan 11:9, ‎וְנִכְשְׁלוּ‎ vDan 11:33, ‎וְנִכְשָׁ֑לוּ‎ vDan 11:14 Imperfect ‎יִכָּשֵׁל‎ Ezek 33:12 + Hos 5:5b (ᵐ5. as v^a, so We; ᵑ0 ‎כָּשַׁל‎), 2 masculine singular ‎תִּכָּשֵׁל‎ Prov 4:12, ‎בִּכָּֽשְׁלוּ‎ Prov 24:17 (yet see Ges^{«GKC:51»§ 51}, R. 1), ‎בְּהִכָּֽשְׁלָם‎ Dan 11:34 Participle ‎נִכְשָׁל‎ Zech 12:8 plural ‎נִכְשָׁלִים‎ 1Sam 2:4 —

1. stumble (= Qal) Nah 2:6*; Isa 63:13; Jer 31:9 usually figurative:
a. of misfortune Prov 24:17 (|| ‎נפל‎), negative Prov 4:12.
b. of divine judgement (with ‎בְּ‎ at) Prov 4:19; Prov 24:16, negative Ezek 33:12 see also Hos 14:10* (‎בְ‎ location), Jer 20:11; Dan 11:14; Dan 11:35, ‎יִכָּֽשְׁלוּ וְיאֹבְדוּ מִפָּנֶיךָ‎ Ps 9:4* especially = be overthrown, of nations, armies, etc., Hos 5:5 (with ‎בַּעֲוֺנָם‎, compare Hos 14:2* Qal), Jer 6:15 || ‎נפל‎, compare Jer 8:12 (|| id.), Dan 11:19 ( + ‎נפל‎), vDan 11:33 (‎בְ‎ instrumental), vDan 11:34 vDan 11:41.

2. be tottering, feeble, ‎כָּשׁוֺל יִכָּשֵׁ֑לוּ‎ Isa 40:30 (opposed to ‎יַחֲלִיפוּ כֹחַ‎ vIsa 40:31); so participle 1Sam 2:4; Zech 12:8. Pi`el only apparent, ‎תְּכַשְּׁלִי‎ Ezek 36:14, read ‎תְּשַׁכְּלִי‎ with Qr Vrss EV Sm Co Da (see also Hiph`il near the end). Hiph`il Perfect ‎הִכְשִׁיל‎ Lam 1:14 ‎הִכְשַׁלְתֶּם‎ Mal 2:8 Imperfect 3 masculine singular suffix ‎יַכְשִׁילְךָ‎ 2Chr 25:8 2 feminine singular ‎תַּכְשִׁלִי‎ Ezek 36:15 (but strike out ᵐ5 Co; read ‎תשׁכלי‎, as vEzek 36:14 other Vrss Sm Da); 3 masculine plural ‎יַכְשִׁילוּ‎ Prov 4:16 Qr (Kt see below Qal), ‎וַיַּכְשִׁילֻהוּ‎ Paslm Prov 64:9, ‎וַיַּכְשִׁלוּם‎ Jer 18:15 (so ᵑ7; Gie, after ᵐ5. ᵑ6, ‎וַיִּכְשְׁלוּ‎, [< ‎וַיִּכָּֽשִׁלוּ‎]); Infinitive construct ‎הַכְשִׁיל‎ 2Chr 25:8, sf ‎הַכְשִׁילוֺ‎ 2Chr 28:23 —

1. cause to stumble, figurative:
a. = bring injury or ruin to, abs Prov 4:16 of punishment Ps 64:9* (indefinite subject; si vera lectio; text probably corrupt, see Che Bae).
b. = overthrow, of nation, army, etc., 2Chr 25:8 (followed by ‎לִפְנֵי אוֺיֵב‎) compare v2Chr 25:8 (opposed to ‎עזר‎); cause overthrow 2Chr 28:23. — On Ezek 36:15 see above
c. morally, Jer 18:15 (‎בְּ‎ local), Mal 2:8 (‎בְּ‎ instrumental).

2. make feeble, weak, ‎הִכְשִׁיל כֹּחִי‎ Lam 1:14 (of God's dealing with Jerusalem) Hoph`al only Participle ‎והיו מֻכְשָׁלִים לְפָנֶיךָ‎ Jer 18:23 either and let them be ones who have stumbled before thee, i.e. regard them as such (Hi Gf VB), or and let them be ones overthrown before thee (Gie; so Qr according to Gf). So also in Ezek 21:20* according to Co, compare Sm Da (ᵑ0 ‎מִכְשֹׁלִים‎, see ‎מִכְשׁוֺל‎).

Brown-Driver-Briggs References