TEHMC - Translators Expansion of Hebrew Morphhology Codes - STEPBible.org CC BY

Hebrew morphology codes with expanded explanations in terms of parsing, meaning and example

BRIEF LEXICAL MORPHOLOGY CODES

These codes are used in the Lexicon. They are used to define the the word, and not each individual instance of the word.

• Form is: Language:Function-Gender-Type

• Example: "a Samaritan" is N:N-M-LG where:

Part	Example	Description
Language	N:	a Name (a special form of 'language' because it isn't restricted to one language);
Function	N	the function Noun;
Gender	M	Male;
Type	L, G	Location, Gentilic (i.e. defining a group of people).

• Some traditional Strong numbers refer to more than one word, e.g. G1508= "εἰ μή" which is "G:COND + G:Neg" (note the space either side of "+")

• Some refer to single words that are formed by merging words, e.g. G2504= "κἀγώ" which is G:Conj+G:P (note no space either side of "+")

• Some words have alternate morphologies for different uses, e.g. G0894= "wormwood" is G:N-F / N:N--T (note the spaces either side of "/".) The first is the Noun "wormwoed" and the second is the Name of star. (The double "--" occurs because this Name does not have a gender.)

The following forms occur in the OT:

H: ...

Hebrew word
eg. elohim

A: ...

Aramaic word
eg. elah

N: ...

Proper noun
eg. YHWH

H:A

Hebrew Adjective
eg. young

H:A-F

Hebrew Adjective (Feminine)
eg. female

H:A-M

Hebrew Adjective (Masculine)
eg. male

H:A / H:N-M

Hebrew Adjective OR Noun (Masculine)
eg. human

H:Adv

Hebrew Adverb
eg. youthfully

H:Cond

Hebrew Conditional
eg. if

H:Conj

Hebrew Conjunction
eg. and

H:DemP

Hebrew Demonstrative Pronoun
eg. this

H:IndP

Hebrew Indefinite Pronoun
eg. any

H:Intg

Hebrew Interogative
eg. how?

H:Intj

Hebrew Interjection
eg. Hey!

H:Neg

Hebrew Negative
eg. not

H:N

Hebrew Noun
eg. person

H:N-F

Hebrew Noun (Feminine)
eg. woman

H:N-M

Hebrew Noun (Masculine)
eg. man

H:N-M / H:A

Hebrew Noun (Masculine) OR Adjective
eg. green

H:N-M / H:Adv

Hebrew Noun (Masculine) OR Adverb
eg. fast

H:N-M/F

Hebrew Noun (Masculine or Feminine)
eg. person

H:N-M / N:N--L

Hebrew Noun (Masculine) OR Proper Name of a Location
eg. bath

H:N-M / N:N--T

Hebrew Noun (Masculine) OR Proper Name of some kind
eg. president

H:N-M / N:N-M-T

Hebrew Noun (Masculine) OR Proper Name (Masculine) of some kind
eg. king

H:Part

Hebrew Particle
eg. up

H:PerP-CP

Hebrew Personal Pronoun (Common Plural)
eg. we

H:PerP-CS

Hebrew Personal Pronoun (Common Singular)
eg. I

H:PerP-FP

Hebrew Personal Pronoun (Feminine Plural)
eg. they

H:PerP-FS

Hebrew Personal Pronoun (Feminine Singular)
eg. she

H:PerP-MP

Hebrew Personal Pronoun (Masculine Plural)
eg. they

H:PerP-MS

Hebrew Personal Pronoun (Masculine Singular)
eg. he

H:Prep

Hebrew Preposition
eg. from

H:Prep / H:Conj

Hebrew Preposition OR Conjunction
eg. with

H:Prep+H:RelP

Hebrew Preposition JOINED TO Relative Pronoun
eg. wence (from where)

H:RelP

Hebrew Relative Pronoun
eg. that

H:V

Hebrew Verb
eg. to think

N:N

Proper Name of a Location or Person with no stated gender
eg. Hodiah

N:N-F-L

Proper Name (Feminine) of a Location
eg. Charlotte

N:N-F-P

Proper Name of a Female Person
eg. Mary

N:N-F-P / N:N--L

Proper Name of a Female Person OR of a Location
eg. Victoria

N:N-F-PG

Proper Name of a Female Person in Gentilic sense
eg. Victorian

N:N-F-T

Proper Name of a Female of some kind
eg. Queen

N:N-F-T / N:N--L

Proper Name of a Female of some kind OR of a Location
eg. Queens

N:N--L

Proper Name of a Location
eg. Judea

N:N--L / N:N--LG

Proper Name of a Location OR of a Location in Gentilic sense
eg. Camaroon

N:N--L / N:N--LG / N:N-M-P

Proper Name of a Location OR of a Location in Gentilic sense OR of a Male Person
eg. Dominican

N:N--L / N:N-M-P

Proper Name of a Location OR of a Male Person
eg. Alexander

N:N--L / N:N-M-T

Proper Name of a Location OR Male of some kind
eg. Duke

N:N--LG

Proper Name of a Location in Gentilic sense
eg. Judean

N:N--LG / N:N-M-P

Proper Name of a Location in Gentilic sense OR of a Male Person
eg. Roman

N:N-M-P

Proper Name of a Male Person
eg. Judah

N:N-M-P / N:A

Proper Name of a Male Person OR Adjectival
eg. Frank

N:N-M-P / N:N-F-P

Proper Name of a Male Person OR of a Female Person
eg. Michael

N:N-M-P / N:N-F-P / N:N--L

Proper Name of a Male Person OR of a Female Person OR of a Location
eg. Jordan

N:N-M-P / N:N--L

Proper Name of a Male Person OR of a Location
eg. Dan

N:N-M-P / N:N-M-PG

Proper Name of a Male Person OR of a Male Person in Gentilic sense
eg. Christian

N:N-M-P / N:N-M-T

Proper Name of a Male Person OR Male of some kind
eg. Prince

N:N-M-PG

Proper Name of a Male Person in Gentilic sense
eg. Judean

N:N-M-T

Proper Name of a Male some kind
eg. King

N:N--PG

Proper Name of a Person in Gentilic sense
eg. Judean

N:N--T

Proper Name of some kind
eg. Pharaoh

N:N--TG

Proper Name of some kind in Gentilic sense
eg. Nazarite

Ps1c

Possessive suffix: 1st person common singular
eg. my

Ps2m

Possessive suffix: 2nd person masculine singular
eg. your

Ps2f

Possessive suffix: 2nd person feminine singular
eg. your

Ps3m

Possessive suffix: 3rd person masculine singular
eg. his

Ps3f

Possessive suffix: 3rd person feminine singular
eg. her

Pp1c

Possessive suffix: 1st person common plural
eg. our

Pp2m

Possessive suffix: 2nd person masculine plural
eg. your

Pp2f

Possessive suffix: 2nd person feminine plural
eg. your

Pp3m

Possessive suffix: 3rd person masculine plural
eg. their

Pp3f

Possessive suffix: 3rd person feminine plural
eg. their

Os1c

Object suffix: 1st person common singular
eg. me

Os2m

Object suffix: 2nd person masculine singular
eg. you

Os2f

Object suffix: 2nd person feminine singular
eg. you

Os3m

Object suffix: 3rd person masculine singular
eg. him

Os3f

Object suffix: 3rd person feminine singular
eg. her

Op1c

Object suffix: 1st person common plural
eg. us

Op2m

Object suffix: 2nd person masculine plural
eg. you

Op2f

Object suffix: 2nd person feminine plural
eg. you

Op3m

Object suffix: 3rd person masculine plural
eg. them

Op3f

Object suffix: 3rd person feminine plural
eg. them

Ss1c

Subject suffix: 1st person common singular
eg. I

Ss2m

Object suffix: 2nd person masculine singular
eg. you

Ss2f

Object suffix: 2nd person feminine singular
eg. you

Ss3m

Object suffix: 3rd person masculine singular
eg. he

Ss3f

Object suffix: 3rd person feminine singular
eg. she

Sp1c

Object suffix: 1st person common plural
eg. we

Sp2m

Object suffix: 2nd person masculine plural
eg. you

Sp2f

Object suffix: 2nd person feminine plural
eg. you

Sp3m

Object suffix: 3rd person masculine plural
eg. they

Sp3f

eg. they
Object suffix: 3rd person feminine plural

FULL MORPHOLOGY CODES:

These codes are used in the tagged texts. They are used to define each individual instance of the word.

line 1: Codes + expansion - based on OpenScripture codes which are similar to Westminster codes used by BibleWorks and other commercial software. These codes are described in detail at https://goo.gl/HP4mZQ#HebMorph

• some of the parsing is derived from the data in the codes: Stem implies the likely Action and Voice; Form implies the likely Tense and Mood. These are not definite and depend on context and the normal usage of each verb. See more at https://docs.google.com/document/d/1wQ67vPIrNxvICy5QmSeromQUJmePml1nQxv7n1gJ8qw/edit#bookmark=id.evqm50b2x4wq
• the 1st character indicates Hebrew or Aramaic. When codes are strung together, this character becomes "/", e.g. "HC/Ncmsa"

line 2: morphology - the morphology in a phrase that makes sense in English
line 3: explanation - the meaning of this morphology in a phrase that makes sense in English
line 4: example - an example of how a Hebrew or Aramaic word in this form might be translated, using: "Jew" for gentilics, "person/man/woman" for nouns, "late" for adjectives etc

• verbs are based on רוּם (H7311A) which means, roughly: Qal+= "to rise" (eg "I rise", "I am risen"); Piel+= "to raise" (eg "I raise someone", "I am raised [by someone]"; Hiphil+="to exalt" (ie "I cause to be raised")

THE ELEMENTS OF MORPHOLOGY:

Functions: Conjunction, Adverb, Preposition, Particle, Pronoun, Noun, Adjective, Verb, Suffix

• These are defined and parsed in line with OpenScriptures with a few embelishments - see the table at https://goo.gl/HP4mZQ#HebMorph

Stem: Aphel, Haphel, Hiphil, Hishtaphel, Hitpaal, Hithpael, Hitpael, Hitpeel, Hophal, Hothpaal, Hishtaphel, Niphal, Nithpael, Pael, Peal, Peil, Piel, Polal, Pual, Qal, Shaphel, Tiphil

• (other minor forms are subsumed into these and many have alternate transcriptions). For their interpretation https://docs.google.com/document/d/1wQ67vPIrNxvICy5QmSeromQUJmePml1nQxv7n1gJ8qw/edit#bookmark=id.evqm50b2x4wq

Action, Determined by Stem: Simple, Intensive/resultive/transtive, Causative/declarative.

• In explations these are "performing", "intensifying or achieving" and "causing or confirming"

Voice, Determined by Stem: Active, Passive, Reflexive/iterative.

• In explanations these are done "by", "to" and "to or for themselves by"

Form

• for non-verbs: different forms depending on Functions. See the table at https://goo.gl/HP4mZQ#HebMorph
• for verbs: Participle, Participle passive, Infinitive, Imperfective, Sequential Imperfective, Conjunction+Imperfective, Perfective, Sequential Perfective, Imperative.
• In explanations, Imperfective is incomplete, Perfective is complete and sequential follows the 'completeness' of the previous verb.

Tense, Determined by form: Future/present (for Imperf), Past/present (for Perf), Present/future (for Imperative), N/A (for Part, Infin).

• In explanations, the most likely tense is listed first.

Mood, Determined by form: Imperative, Cohortative, Jussive, Enacted (ie not Jussive or Cohortative or Imperative), Enacted/Cohortative, Enacted/Jussive (for ambiguous Imperfective form).

• In explanations, "should" is used for cohortative and "may" for Jussive.

Person: First, Second, Third.

• In explanations these are "the one speaking or writing", "the one being addressed", "the one being discussed".

Gender: Feminine, Masculine, Either.

• For proper nouns: Feminine individual, Masculine individual, Location, Other title (includes names of months, ranks, divinities etc)

Number: Singular, Plural, Dual

State: Construct, Absolute (ie non-construct), Definite (ie includes an Aramaic determinate suffix - this will be replaced by Absolute or Construct in STEPBible tagging).

• In explanation, a construct is "a term combined with another"

NOTES:

• Articles and Definite or Paragogic forms are referred to in explanations as "important".
• Passive is determined by the Stem, but Participle Passive turns an Active stem into Passive. So Participle actives are recorded simply as Participle, because they can often take a passive voice.
• Hothpaal in some other systems is classified as Passive, but it is classified here as Reflexive. This occurs only rarely (Lev.13.55, 56 הֻכַּבֵּ֣ס ‘washed out’; Num.1.47; 2.33; 26.62 הָתְפָּקְד֖וּ ‘they were enrolled’; Deu.24.4 הֻטַּמָּ֔אָה ‘she has been declared unclean’; 1Ki.20.27 הָתְפָּקְדוּ֙ ‘they were3 mustered’; Isa.34.6 הֻדַּ֣שְׁנָה ‘it has fattened itself’). Normally this is passive, though it can have some reflexive undertones (esp. Isa.34.6).
• Nithpael in some other systems is classified as equivalent to Reflexive, but it is classified here as Passive. It occurs only rarely (Deu.21.8 וְנִכַּפֵּ֥ר ‘and it will be atoned for’; Prov.27.15 נִשְׁתָּוָֽה ‘she is like’; Eze.23.48 וְנִֽוַּסְּרוּ֙ ‘and.they.will.be.warned’). All these instances are Passive (with the possible exception of Pro.27.15).
• Hithpael is classified as Intensive / Resultative / Transitive, though it sometimes has the sense of Causative / Declarative. This is difficult to decide because there is evidence for either side. Only a few verbs have meanings for Qal/Niphal sufficiently different to Piel/Pual to enable assigning the Hithpael clearly to one rather than the other. See more notes at https://docs.google.com/document/d/110Oha9vqqIhtM8KySEA56g2hy0EkOgK_bV5STUfSLFk/edit#bookmark=id.g4b2vlibgf5y
• "Enacted" means Indicative - ie not subjunctive (a form that has disappeared in Hebrew) or jussive or cohortative (forms that have disappeared in most verbs in Hebrew). In many cases of Imperfective, it is impossible to know if the form is Jussive/Cohortative or not, so it is marked Enacted/jussive or Enacted/cohortative.
• "Sequential" verbs (aka consecutive or non-conjunctive) are prefixed with a vav which changes imperfective to perfective meaning and vice-versa. In general, a section begins with a non-sequential verb and may be succeeded by a number of sequential verbs till the end of the section.
• "Conjunctive" verbs are prefixed with a vav as a conjunction, so it does not change the meaning of the verb. This is recognised by vowel changes in Imperfective verbs. It is rare with Perfective verbs and there is no difference in form by which to identify it, so this is done by context. See more at https://docs.google.com/document/d/1wQ67vPIrNxvICy5QmSeromQUJmePml1nQxv7n1gJ8qw/edit#bookmark=id.ygjzsla2gxpu