(KJV) Numbers 351

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Forty-Eight Cities for the Levites[ Joshua 21:1–45 1 Chronicles 6:54–81 ]

[1] And the Lord spake unto Moses in the plains of Moab by Jordan [near] Jericho, saying,2 [2] Command the children of Israel, that they give unto the Levites of the inheritance of their possession cities to dwell in; and ye shall give [also] unto the Levites suburbs for the cities round about them.3 [3] And the cities shall they have to dwell in; and the suburbs of them shall be for their cattle, and for their goods, and for all their beasts.4 [4] And the suburbs of the cities, which ye shall give unto the Levites, [shall reach] from the wall of the city and outward a thousand cubits5 round about. [5] And ye shall measure from without the city on the east side two thousand cubits, and on the south side two thousand cubits, and on the west side two thousand cubits, and on the north side two thousand cubits; and the city [shall be] in the midst: this shall be to them the suburbs of the cities. [6] And among the cities which ye shall give unto the Levites [there shall be] six cities for refuge6, which ye shall appoint for the manslayer, that he may flee thither: and to them ye shall add7 forty and two cities. [7] [So] all the cities which ye shall give to the Levites [shall be] forty and eight cities: them [shall ye give] with their suburbs.8 [8] And the cities which ye shall give [shall be] of the possession9 of the children of Israel: from [them10 that have] many ye shall give many; but from [them that have] few ye shall give few: every one shall give of his cities unto the Levites according to his inheritance which he inheriteth11.

Six Cities of Refuge[ Deuteronomy 4:41–43 Deuteronomy 19:1–14 Joshua 20:1–9 ]

[9] And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying, [10] Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye be come over Jordan into the land of Canaan;12 [11] Then ye shall appoint13 you cities to be cities of refuge for you; that the slayer may flee thither, which killeth any person at unawares14. [12] And they shall be unto you cities for refuge from the avenger15; that the manslayer die not, until he stand16 before the congregation in judgment. [13] And of these cities which ye shall give six cities17 shall ye have for refuge. [14] Ye shall give three cities18 on this side Jordan, and three cities shall ye give in the land of Canaan, [which] shall be cities of refuge. [15] These six cities shall be a refuge, [both] for the children of Israel, and for the stranger, and for the sojourner among them: that every one that killeth any person unawares may flee thither.19 [16] And if he smite20 him with an instrument of iron, so that he die, he [is] a murderer: the21 murderer shall surely be put to death. [17] And if he smite him with throwing a stone22, wherewith he may die, and he die, he [is] a murderer: the murderer shall surely be put to death. [18] Or [if] he smite him with an hand weapon of wood, wherewith he may die, and he die, he [is] a murderer: the murderer shall surely be put to death. [19] The revenger of blood himself shall slay the murderer: when he meeteth him, he shall slay him.23 [20] But if he thrust24 him of hatred, or hurl at him by laying25 of wait, that he die; [21] Or in enmity smite him with his hand, that he die: he that smote [him] shall surely be put to death; [for] he [is] a murderer: the revenger of blood shall slay the murderer, when he meeteth him. [22] But if he thrust him suddenly without enmity, or have cast upon him any thing without laying of wait,26 [23] Or with any stone, wherewith a man may die, seeing [him] not, and cast [it] upon him, that he die, and [was] not his enemy, neither sought his harm: [24] Then the congregation shall judge between the slayer and the revenger of blood according to these judgments:27 [25] And the congregation shall deliver the slayer out of the hand of the revenger of blood, and the congregation shall restore him to the city of his refuge, whither he was fled: and he shall abide in it28 unto the death of the high priest, which was anointed29 with the holy oil. [26] But if the slayer shall at any time come without the border of the city of his refuge, whither he was fled;30 [27] And the revenger of blood find him without the borders of the city of his refuge, and the revenger of blood kill the slayer; he shall not be guilty of blood31: [28] Because he should32 have remained in the city of his refuge until the death of the high priest: but after the death33 of the high priest the slayer shall return into the land of his possession. [29] So these [things] shall be for a statute of judgment unto you throughout your generations in all your dwellings.34 [30] Whoso killeth any person, the murderer shall be put to death by the mouth of witnesses: but one witness shall not testify against any person [to cause him] to die.35 [31] Moreover36 ye shall take no satisfaction for the life of a murderer, which [is] guilty of death37: but he shall be surely put to death. [32] And ye shall take no satisfaction for him that is fled to the city of his refuge, that he should come again to dwell in the land, until the death of the priest.38 [33] So ye shall not pollute the land wherein ye [are]: for blood it defileth39 the land: and the land cannot be cleansed40 of the blood that is shed therein, but by the blood of him that shed it. [34] Defile not41 therefore the land which ye shall inhabit, wherein I dwell42: for I the Lord dwell among43 the children of Israel.

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  1. Num 35:1, Eight and forty cities for the Levites, with their suburbs, and measure thereof; Num 35:6, Six of them are to be cities of refuge; Num 35:9, The laws of murder and manslaughter; Num 35:31, No satisfaction for murder. 

  2. Num 22:1, Num 26:63, Num 31:12, Num 33:50, Num 36:13 

  3. Lev 25:32-33; Josh 14:3-4, Josh 21:2-42; Ezek 45:1-8, Ezek 48:8, Ezek 48:22; 1Cor 9:10-14 

  4. Josh 21:11; 2Chr 11:14; Ezek 45:2 

  5. The Septuagint reads δισχιλιους πηχεις "two thousand cubits," as in the following verse; but this reading is not acknowledged by any other ancient version, except the Coptic, nor by any of the manuscripts collated by Kennicott and De Rossi. Various modes have been proposed for reconciling the accounts in these two verses, which appear in general to require full as much explanation as the text itself. The explanation of Maimonides is the only one that is intelligible, and appears perfectly satisfactory. "The suburbs," says he, "of the cities are expressed in the law to be 3,000 cubits on every side, from the wall of the city and outwards. The first 1,000 cubits are the suburbs; and the 2,000, which they measured without the suburbs, were for fields and vineyards." 

  6. Num 35:13-14; Deut 4:41-43; Josh 20:2-9, Josh 21:3, Josh 21:13, Josh 21:21, Josh 21:27, Josh 21:32, Josh 21:36, Josh 21:38; Ps 9:9; Ps 62:7-8, Ps 142:4-5; Isa 4:6; Matt 11:28; Heb 6:18 

  7. Heb. above them ye shall give 

  8. Josh 21:3-42; 1Chr 6:54-81 

  9. Gen 49:7; Exod 32:28-29; Deut 33:8-11; Josh 21:3 

  10. Num 26:54, Num 33:54; Exod 16:18; 2Cor 8:13-14 

  11. Heb. they inherit 

  12. Num 34:2; Lev 14:34, Lev 25:2; Deut 12:9, Deut 19:1-2 

  13. As the goel, or kinsman, had a right to avenge the death of his relation, by slaying the murderer wherever he found him, the appointment of these cities was a humane institution for the protection of the involuntary homicide; for they were designed only for the protection of such Num 35:6; Josh 20:2 

  14. Heb. by error, Num 35:22-23; Exod 21:13; Deut 4:42, Deut 19:4-5 

  15. Num 35:19, Num 35:25-27; Deut 19:6; Josh 20:3-6, Josh 20:9; 2Sam 14:7 

  16. Num 35:24; Deut 19:11-12; Josh 20:4-6 

  17. Num 35:6 

  18. Deut 4:41-43, Deut 19:8-10; Josh 20:7-9 

  19. Num 15:16; Exod 12:49; Lev 24:22; Rom 3:29; Gal 3:28 

  20. Num 35:22-24; Deut 19:11-13 

  21. Num 35:30-33; Gen 9:5-6; Exod 21:12-14; Lev 24:17 

  22. Heb. a stone of the hand, Exod 21:18 

  23. Num 35:12, Num 35:21, Num 35:24, Num 35:27; Deut 19:6, Deut 19:12; Josh 20:3, Josh 20:5 

  24. Gen 4:5, Gen 4:8; 2Sam 3:27, 2Sam 13:22, 2Sam 13:28-29, 2Sam 20:10; 1Kgs 2:5-6, 1Kgs 2:31-33; Prov 26:24; Prov 28:17; Luke 4:29 

  25. Exod 21:14; Deut 19:11; 1Sam 18:10-11, 1Sam 18:25, 1Sam 19:9-12, 1Sam 20:1, 1Sam 23:7-9, 1Sam 24:11; Ps 10:7-10, Ps 11:2, Ps 35:7-8, Ps 57:4-6; Prov 1:18-19; Mark 6:19, Mark 6:24-26; Acts 20:3, Acts 23:21 

  26. Num 35:11; Exod 21:13; Deut 19:5; Josh 20:3, Josh 20:5 

  27. Num 35:12; Josh 20:6 

  28. Num 35:28; Josh 20:6; Rom 3:24-26; Eph 2:16-18; Heb 4:14-16, Heb 7:25-28; Heb 9:12-15, Heb 10:19-22 

  29. Exod 29:7; Lev 4:3, Lev 8:12, Lev 21:10 

  30. After the manslayer had been received into the city of refuge, the avenger of blood could only act as prosecutor; and the magistrates, in the presence of the people, were appointed to decide the cause according to the rules here laid down. Probably the accused person was tried at or near the place where the deceased had been slain, and where evidence could most easily be brought, and in case he was acquitted by the decision of the judges, and with the approbation of the people, he was conveyed back to the city of refuge, where he was protected as a kind of prisoner at large, till the death of the high priest; when the public loss, and the grief occasioned by it, might be supposed to swallow up all personal regrets and resentments, and then he was permitted to return to his house and estate. But if, in the mean while, he ventured to leave the city, and the avenger met him and slew him, he was supposed to merit his doom by thus neglecting the appointment of God for his preservation, and the avenger must not be punished. This shews that in other cases, if the avenger slew an innocent man on surmise, he was liable to the punishment of a murderer; but if, by the testimony of two credible witnesses, the man who had fled to the city of refuge was adjudged guilty, he must without fail be put to death. 

  31. Heb. no blood shall be to him, Exod 22:2; Deut 19:6, Deut 19:10 

  32. John 15:4-6; Acts 11:23, Acts 27:31; Heb 3:14, Heb 6:4-8, Heb 10:26-30, Heb 10:39 

  33. Heb 9:11-12, Heb 9:15-17 

  34. Num 27:1, Num 27:11 

  35. Deut 17:6-7, Deut 19:15; Matt 18:16; John 8:17-18; 2Cor 13:1; 1Tim 5:19; Heb 10:28; Rev 11:3 

  36. Gen 9:5-6; Exod 21:14; Deut 19:11-13; 2Sam 12:13; 1Kgs 2:28-34; Ps 51:14 

  37. Heb. faulty to die 

  38. Acts 4:12; Gal 2:21, Gal 3:10-13, Gal 3:22; Rev 5:9; The region east of Jordan was nearly as long as that on the west, and therefore three cities were appointed in each division. One or other of these cities would be within half a day's journey of every part of the land; and as it would rarely happen that the avenger of blood would be on the spot, and none had a right to assault or detain the manslayer, at least if no malicious intention was manifest, the unhappy men would, therefore, get the start of their adversaries, and very few of them be overtaken before they gained the place of refuge. But then they must forsake their families, employments, most important interests, and dearest comforts; and they must neither loiter nor yield to weariness, nor regard difficulties, nor slacken their pace, till they had got safe within the walls of the city. The Jewish writers inform us, that to afford every facility to those who thus fled for their life, the road to these cities was always preserved in good repair; and way-posts, upon which was inscribed REFUGE were placed wherever needful, that they might not so much as hesitate for a moment. 

  39. Lev 18:25; Deut 21:1-8, Deut 21:23; 2Kgs 23:26, 2Kgs 24:4; Ps 106:28; Isa 26:21; Ezek 22:24-27; Hos 4:2-3; Mic 4:11; Matt 23:31-35; Luke 11:50-51 

  40. Heb. there can be no expiation for the land 

  41. Num 5:3; Lev 20:24-26 

  42. Ps 135:21; Isa 57:15; Hos 9:3; 2Cor 6:16-17; Rev 21:3, Rev 21:27 

  43. Num 5:3; Exod 25:8, Exod 29:45-46; 1Kgs 6:13; Ps 132:14; Isa 8:12