(KJV) Deuteronomy 191
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⥃Cities of Refuge [ Numbers 35:9–34 † Deuteronomy 4:41–43 † Joshua 20:1–9 ]
[1] When the Lord thy God hath cut2 off the nations, whose land the Lord thy God giveth thee, and thou succeedest3 them, and dwellest in their cities, and in their houses; [2] Thou shalt separate three cities4 for thee in the midst of thy land, which the Lord thy God giveth thee to possess it. [3] Thou shalt prepare thee a way, and divide the coasts of thy land, which the Lord thy God giveth thee to inherit, into three parts, that every slayer may flee thither.5
[4] [¶]And this [is] the case of the slayer6, which shall flee thither, that he may live: Whoso killeth his neighbour ignorantly, whom he hated not in time past7; [5] As when a man goeth into the wood with his neighbour to hew wood, and his hand fetcheth a stroke with the axe to cut down the tree, and the head8 slippeth from the helve9, and lighteth10 upon his neighbour, that he die; he shall flee11 unto one of those cities, and live: [6] Lest the avenger12 of the blood pursue the slayer, while his heart is hot, and overtake him, because the way is long, and slay him13; whereas he [was] not worthy14 of death, inasmuch as he hated him not in time past15. [7] Wherefore I command thee, saying, Thou shalt separate three cities for thee. [8] And if the Lord thy God enlarge thy coast, as he hath sworn unto thy fathers, and give thee all the land which he promised to give unto thy fathers;16 [9] If thou shalt17 keep all these commandments to do them, which I command thee this day, to love the Lord thy God, and to walk ever in his ways; then shalt thou18 add three cities more for thee, beside these three: [10] That innocent blood be not shed in thy land, which the Lord thy God giveth thee [for] an inheritance, and [so] blood be upon thee.19
[11] [¶]But if any20 man hate his neighbour, and lie in wait for him, and rise up against him, and smite him mortally21 that he die, and fleeth into one of these cities: [12] Then the elders of his city shall send and fetch him thence, and deliver him into the hand of the avenger of blood, that he may die.22 [13] Thine eye23 shall not pity him, but thou24 shalt put away [the guilt of] innocent blood from Israel, that it may go well with thee.
[14] Thou shalt not remove25 thy neighbour’s landmark, which they of old time have set in thine inheritance, which thou shalt inherit in the land that the Lord thy God giveth thee to possess it.
⥃The Testimony of Two or Three Witnesses [ Matthew 18:15–20 ]
[15] [¶]One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or for any sin, in any sin that he sinneth: at the mouth26 of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall the matter be established.
[16] [¶]If a false witness27 rise up against any man to testify against him [that which is] wrong28; [17] Then both the men, between whom the controversy [is], shall stand before the Lord, before the priests and the judges, which shall be in those days;29 [18] And the judges shall make diligent30 inquisition: and, behold, [if] the witness [be] a false witness, [and] hath testified falsely against his brother; [19] Then shall31 ye do unto him, as he had thought to have done unto his brother: so shalt32 thou put the evil away from among you. [20] And those which remain shall hear, and fear, and shall henceforth commit no more any such evil among you.33 [21] And thine eye34 shall not pity; [but] life [shall35 go] for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.
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Deut 19:1, The cities of refuge; Deut 19:4, The privilege thereof for the manslayer; Deut 19:14, The land-mark is not to be removed; Deut 19:15, Two witnesses at the least are required; Deut 19:16, The punishment of a false witness. ↩
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Heb. inheritest, or possessest, Deut 12:29 ↩
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Unquestionably in imitation of these cities, the heathen had their asyla, and the Roman Catholics their privileged altars, and similar traditions seem to obtain in many barbarous nations, for "the North American Indian nations have most of them either a house or town of refuge, which is a sure asylum to protect a manslayer, or the unfortunate captive, if he once enter it. In almost every Indian nation, there are several towns, which are called old beloved, ancient, holy, or white towns (white being their fixed emblem of peace, friendship, prosperity, happiness, purity, etc.). They seem to have been formerly towns of refuge; for it is not in the memory of the oldest people that human blood was shed in them." Deut 4:41-43; Exod 21:13; Num 35:10-15; Josh 20:2-7; Heb 6:18 ↩
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Heb. from yesterday the third day, Deut 19:6; Gen 31:2; Josh 3:4; 1Chr 11:2; Isa 30:33 *marg. ↩
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Heb. iron, 2Kgs 6:5-7 ↩
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Heb. wood ↩
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Heb. findeth ↩
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Heb. smite him in life ↩
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Deut 11:24-25, Deut 12:20; Gen 15:18-21, Gen 28:14; Exod 23:31, Exod 34:24; 1Kgs 4:21; Ezra 4:20 ↩
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Deut 19:13, Deut 21:8; 1Kgs 2:31; 2Kgs 21:16, 2Kgs 24:4; Ps 94:21; Prov 6:17; Isa 59:7; Jer 7:6-7; Joel 3:19; Jonah 1:14; Matt 27:4-5 ↩
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Deut 27:24; Gen 9:6; Exod 21:12-14; Num 35:16-21, Num 35:24; Prov 28:17 ↩
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Heb. in life ↩
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Deut 21:9; Gen 9:6; Lev 24:17, Lev 24:21; Num 35:33-34; 2Sam 21:1, 2Sam 21:14; 1Kgs 2:31 ↩
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Before the extensive use of fences, landed property was marked out by stones or posts, set up so as to ascertain the divisions of family estates. It was easy to remove one of these landmarks, and set it in a different place; and thus a dishonest man might enlarge his own estate by contracting that of his neighbour. Hence it was a matter of considerable importance to prevent this crime among the Israelites; among whom, removing them would be equivalent to forging, altering, destroying, or concealing the title-deeds of an estate among us. Accordingly, by the Mosaic law, it was not only prohibited in the commandment against covetousness, but we find a particular curse expressly annexed to it in Deut 27:17. Josephus considers this law a general prohibition, intended not only to protect private property, but also to preserve the boundaries of kingdoms and countries inviolable. Deut 27:17; Job 24:2; Prov 22:28, Prov 23:10; Hos 5:10 ↩
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Deut 17:6; Num 35:30; 1Kgs 21:10, 1Kgs 21:13; Matt 18:16, Matt 26:60-61; John 8:17; 2Cor 13:1; 1Tim 5:19; Heb 10:28; Rev 11:3-7 ↩
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Exod 23:1-7; 1Kgs 21:10-13; Ps 27:12, Ps 35:11; Mark 14:55-59; Acts 6:13 ↩
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or, falling away ↩
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Deut 13:5, Deut 17:7, Deut 19:20, Deut 21:20-21, Deut 22:21, Deut 22:24, Deut 24:7 ↩
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Deut 13:11, Deut 17:7, Deut 17:13, Deut 21:21; Prov 21:11; Rom 13:3-4; 1Tim 5:20 ↩