(KJV) Leviticus 111
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⥃Clean and Unclean Animals [ Deuteronomy 14:1–21 † Acts 10:9–16 ]
[1] And the Lord spake unto Moses and to Aaron, saying unto them, [2] Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, These [are] the beasts which ye shall eat among all the beasts that [are] on the earth.234567 [3] Whatsoever parteth8 the hoof, and is clovenfooted, [and] cheweth9 the cud, among the beasts, that shall ye eat. [4] Nevertheless these shall ye not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the hoof: [as] the camel, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he [is] unclean unto you10. [5] And the coney11, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth12 not the hoof; he [is] unclean unto you. [6] And the hare13, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he [is] unclean unto you. [7] And the swine14, though he divide the hoof, and be clovenfooted, yet he cheweth not the cud; he [is] unclean to you. [8] Of their flesh shall ye not eat, and their carcase shall ye not touch; they [are] unclean15 to you.
[9] These shall ye eat of all that [are] in the waters: whatsoever hath fins and scales in the waters, in the seas, and in the rivers, them shall ye eat.16 [10] And all that have not fins and scales in the seas, and in the rivers, of all that move in the waters, and of any living thing which [is] in the waters, they [shall be17] an abomination unto you: [11] They shall be even an abomination unto you; ye shall not eat of their flesh, but ye shall have their carcases in abomination. [12] Whatsoever hath no fins nor scales in the waters, that [shall be] an abomination unto you.
[13] [¶]And these [are they which] ye shall have in abomination among the fowls; they shall not be eaten, they [are] an abomination: the eagle18, and the ossifrage19, and the ospray20, [14] And the vulture, and the kite after his kind; [15] Every raven after his kind;21 [16] And the owl, and the night hawk, and the cuckow, and the hawk after his kind,22 [17] And the little owl, and the cormorant, and the great owl, [18] And the swan, and the pelican, and the gier eagle, [19] And the stork, the heron after her kind, and the lapwing, and the bat23. [20] All fowls that creep, going upon [all] four, [shall be] an abomination unto you.24 [21] Yet these may ye eat of every flying creeping thing that goeth upon [all] four, which have legs above their feet, to leap withal upon the earth; [22] [Even] these of them ye may eat; the locust after his kind, and the bald locust after his kind, and the beetle after his kind, and the grasshopper after his kind.25 [23] But all [other] flying creeping things, which have four feet, [shall be] an abomination unto you. [24] And for these ye shall be unclean: whosoever toucheth the carcase of them shall be unclean until the even.26 [25] And whosoever beareth [ought] of the carcase of them shall wash his clothes, and be unclean27 until the even. [26] [The carcases] of every beast which divideth the hoof, and [is] not clovenfooted, nor cheweth the cud, [are] unclean unto you: every one that toucheth them shall be unclean. [27] And whatsoever goeth upon his paws, among all manner of beasts that go on [all] four, those [are] unclean unto you: whoso toucheth their carcase shall be unclean until the even.28 [28] And he that beareth29 the carcase of them shall wash30 his clothes, and be unclean until the even: they [are] unclean unto you.
[29] [¶]These also [shall be] unclean unto you among the creeping things that creep31 upon the earth; the weasel, and the mouse, and the tortoise after his kind, [30] And the ferret, and the chameleon, and the lizard, and the snail, and the mole. [31] These [are] unclean to you among all that creep: whosoever doth touch them, when they be dead, shall be unclean until the even.32 [32] And upon whatsoever [any] of them, when they are dead, doth fall, it shall be unclean; whether [it be] any vessel of wood, or raiment, or skin, or sack, whatsoever vessel [it be], wherein [any] work is done, it must be put into water33, and it shall be unclean until the even; so it shall be cleansed. [33] And every earthen vessel, whereinto [any] of them falleth, whatsoever [is] in it shall be unclean; and ye shall break it34. [34] Of all meat which may be eaten, [that] on which [such] water cometh shall be unclean: and all drink that may be drunk in every [such] vessel shall be unclean.35 [35] And every [thing] whereupon [any part] of their carcase falleth shall be unclean; [whether it be] oven, or ranges for pots, they shall be36 broken down: [for] they [are] unclean, and shall be unclean unto you. [36] Nevertheless a fountain37 or pit, [wherein there is] plenty of water38, shall be clean: but that which toucheth their carcase shall be unclean. [37] And if [any part] of their carcase fall upon any sowing seed39 which is to be sown, it [shall be] clean. [38] But if [any] water be put upon the seed, and [any part] of their carcase fall thereon, it [shall be] unclean unto you. [39] And if any beast, of which ye may eat, die; he that toucheth the carcase thereof shall be unclean until the even.40 [40] And he that eateth41 of the carcase of it shall wash42 his clothes, and be unclean until the even: he also that beareth the carcase of it shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even. [41] And every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth [shall be] an abomination; it shall not be eaten.43 [42] Whatsoever goeth upon the belly44, and whatsoever goeth upon [all] four, or whatsoever hath more feet45 among all creeping things that creep upon the earth, them ye shall not eat; for they [are] an abomination. [43] Ye shall46 not make yourselves47 abominable with any creeping thing that creepeth, neither shall ye make yourselves unclean with them, that ye should be defiled thereby. [44] For I [am] the48 Lord your God: ye shall49 therefore sanctify yourselves, and ye shall be holy; for I [am] holy: neither shall ye defile yourselves with any manner of creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. [45] For I [am] the Lord that bringeth50 you up out of the land of Egypt, to be your God: ye shall therefore be holy51, for I [am] holy. [46] This52 [is] the law of the beasts, and of the fowl, and of every living creature that moveth in the waters, and of every creature that creepeth upon the earth:53545556 [47] To make a difference between the unclean and the clean, and between the beast that may be eaten and the beast that may not be eaten. 57
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Lev 11:1, What beasts may; Lev 11:4, and what may not be eaten; Lev 11:9, What fishes; Lev 11:13, What fowls; Lev 11:29, The creeping things which are unclean. ↩
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Deut 14:3-8; Ezek 4:14; Dan 1:8; Matt 15:11; Mark 7:15-19; Acts 10:12, Acts 10:14; Rom 14:2-3, Rom 14:14-15; 1Tim 4:4-6; Heb 9:10, Heb 13:9; Of the laws relative to clean and unclean beasts, which are recorded in this chapter and Deut 14:1-29 the following may be found a useful abstract. ↩
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- In regard to quadrupeds, all beasts that have their feet completely cloven, above as well as below, and at the same time chew the cud, are clean. Those which have neither, or indeed want one of these distinguishing marks, are unclean. This is a systematic division of quadrupeds so excellent, as never yet, after all the improvements in natural history, to have become obsolete, but, on the contrary, to be still considered as useful by the greatest masters of the science.
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- With regard to fishes, Moses has in like manner, made a very simple systematic distinction. All that have scales and fins are clean; all others unclean.
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- Of birds, he merely specifies certain sorts as forbidden, thereby permitting all others to be eaten.
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- Insects, serpents, worms, etc., are prohibited; but with regard, however to those winged insects, which besides four walking legs, also have two longer springing legs (Pedes saltatorii), Moses makes an exception, and under the denomination of locusts, declares them clean in all four stages of their existence.
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In Palestine, Arabia, and the adjoining countries, locusts are one of the most common articles of food, and people would be very ill of if they durst not eat them: For, when a swarm of them desolates the fields, they prove in some measure themselves an antidote to the famine which they occasion. They are not only eaten fresh, immediately on their appearance, but the people collect them, and know a method of preserving them for a long time for food, after they have dried them in an oven. - Niebuhr's Description of Arabia, pp. 170-175. ↩
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Deut 6:6-7, Deut 16:3-8; Ps 1:2; Prov 2:1-2, Prov 2:10; Acts 17:11; 1Tim 4:15 ↩
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Gen 7:1-2; Deut 14:1-29; Isa 52:11; 1Cor 8:13; 1Thess 5:22; 1John 3:4 ↩
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Shaphan, most probably an animal resembling the rabbit, called by Dr. Shaw, daman (probably for ganam) Israel, "Israel's lamb," and by Bruce, ashkoko, which name he imagines is "derived from the singularity of these long herenacious hairs, which, like small thorns, grow about his back, and which an Amhara are called ashok." This curious animal abounds in Judea, Palestine, Arabia, and Ethiopia; and is described as being about seventeen inches when sitting. It has no tail; and at first sight gives the idea of a rat. Its colour is grey, mixed with reddish brown; the belly white, the body covered with strong polished hairs, for the most part about two inches in length; the ears round, and not pointed; the feet round, of a soft, pulpy, tender substance; the toes projecting beyond the nails, which are rather broad than sharp; the upper jaw is longer than the other; it lives upon grain, fruit, and roots, and certainly chews the cud; and it does not burrow like the hare and rabbit, but lives in clefts of the rocks. Ps 104:18; Prov 30:26 ↩
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Job 36:14; Matt 7:26; Rom 2:18-24; Phil 3:18-19; 2Tim 3:5; Titus 1:16 ↩
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Deut 14:8; Isa 65:4, Isa 66:3, Isa 66:17; Matt 7:6; Luke 8:33, Luke 15:15; 2Pet 2:18-22 ↩
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Lev 5:2; Isa 52:11; Hos 9:3; Matt 15:11, Matt 15:20; Mark 7:2, Mark 7:15, Mark 7:18; Acts 10:10-15; Acts 10:28, Acts 15:29; Rom 14:14-17, Rom 14:21; 1Cor 8:8; 2Cor 6:17; Eph 5:7, Eph 5:11; Col 2:16, Col 2:21-23; Heb 9:10 ↩
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Lev 7:18; Deut 14:3; Ps 139:21-22; Prov 13:20, Prov 29:27; Rev 21:8 ↩
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In Hebrew, nesher, Chaldee, neshar, Syriac, neshro, and Arabic, nishr, the eagle, one of the largest, strongest, swiftest, fiercest, and most rapacious of the feathered race. His eye is large, dark, and piercing; his beak powerful and hooked; his legs strong and feathered; his feet yellow and armed with four very long and terrific claws; his wings very large and powerful; his body compact and robust; his bones hard; his flesh firm; his feathers coarse; his attitude fierce and erect; his motions lively; his flight extremely rapid and towering; and his cry the terror of every wing. Deut 14:12-20; Job 28:7, Job 38:41, Job 39:27-30; Jer 4:13, Jer 4:22, Jer 48:40; Lam 4:19; Hos 8:1; Hab 1:8; Matt 24:28; Rom 1:28-32, Rom 3:13-17; Titus 3:3 ↩
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Peres, from paras to break, probably the species of eagle anciently called ossifraga or bone-breaker (from os, a bone, and frango, to break), because it not only strips off the flesh, but breaks the bone, in order to extract the marrow. ↩
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Hebrew ozniyah, Arabic azan, and Chaldee azyah, (from azaz, to be strong), a species of eagle, probably the black eagle, so remarkable for its strength. ↩
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Deut 14:15-18; Ps 102:6; Isa 13:21-22, Isa 34:11-15; John 3:19-21; Eph 2:2-3, Eph 4:18-19, Eph 5:7-11; Phil 3:18-19; 1Thess 5:5-7; Rev 18:2 ↩
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Lev 11:23, Lev 11:27; Deut 14:19; 2Kgs 17:28-41; Ps 17:14; Matt 6:24; Phil 3:18-19; 2Tim 4:10; 1John 2:15-17; Jude 1:10, Jude 1:19 ↩
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Exod 10:4-5; Isa 35:3; Matt 3:4; Mark 1:6; Rom 14:1, Rom 15:1; Heb 5:11; Heb 12:12-13 ↩
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Lev 11:8, Lev 11:27-28, Lev 11:31, Lev 11:38-40, Lev 17:15-16; Isa 22:14; 1Cor 15:33; 2Cor 6:17; Eph 2:1-3, Eph 5:11; Col 2:16-17, Col 2:20; Heb 9:26; 1John 1:7 ↩
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Lev 11:28, Lev 11:40, Lev 14:8, Lev 15:5, Lev 15:7-11, Lev 15:13, Lev 16:28; Exod 19:10, Exod 19:14; Num 19:8, Num 19:10, Num 19:19, Num 19:21-22; Num 31:24; Ps 51:2, Ps 51:7; Zech 13:1; John 13:8; Acts 22:16; Heb 9:10, Heb 10:22; 1Pet 3:21; 1John 1:7; Rev 7:14 ↩
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Lev 11:20-21, Lev 11:41-42; Ps 10:3, Ps 17:13-14; Hag 2:6; Luke 12:15, Luke 16:14; John 6:26; John 6:66; Eph 4:14; Phil 3:19; Col 3:5; 2Tim 3:2-5; Heb 13:5 ↩
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Heb. a gathering together of waters ↩
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Lev 11:24, Lev 11:28, Lev 11:31, Lev 11:40, Lev 15:5, Lev 15:7; Num 19:11, Num 19:16 ↩
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Lev 11:25, Lev 17:15-16, Lev 22:8; Exod 22:31; Deut 14:21; Isa 1:16; Ezek 4:14, Ezek 36:25; Ezek 44:31; Zech 13:1; 1Cor 6:11, 1Cor 10:21; 1John 1:7 ↩
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Lev 11:28, Lev 14:8-9, Lev 15:5-10, Lev 15:27, Lev 16:26, Lev 16:28; Num 19:7-8, Num 19:19 ↩
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Gen 3:14-15; Isa 65:25; Mic 7:17; Matt 3:7, Matt 23:23; John 8:44; 2Cor 11:3, 2Cor 11:13; Titus 1:12 ↩
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Heb. doth multiply feet ↩
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Heb. your souls ↩
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Lev 10:3, Lev 19:2, Lev 20:7, Lev 20:26; Exod 19:6; Deut 14:2; 1Sam 6:20; Ps 99:5, Ps 99:9; Isa 6:3-5; Amos 3:3; Matt 5:48; 1Thess 4:7; 1Pet 1:15-16, 1Pet 2:9; Rev 22:11 ↩
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Lev 11:44; Exod 6:7, Exod 20:2; Ps 105:43-45; Hos 11:1; 1Thess 4:7 ↩
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The distinction of clean and unclean animals (see note on Lev 11:2) existed even before the flood, though it probably then only related to sacrifices; but at this time we find there were very particular laws enacted respecting the diet of the people, and the ceremonial uncleanness contracted by touching the carcases of unclean animals. The reasons for the enactment of these laws seem to be: ↩
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- As a test of obedience, and to teach the Israelites habits of self-denial, and the government of their appetites.
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- To keep them distinct from other nations, and consequently from their idolatrous usages, by throwing hindrances in the way of their social intercourse; for these distinctions were applicable both to persons and things. The Canaanites not only ate the animals prohibited by Moses, which we usually eat, but others also, among which dogs were one. Besides, many of those declared unclean were sacred among the heathen, and sacrificed to their gods.
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- Because those prohibited were innutritive and unwholesome; as the swine, the flesh of which being strong and difficult to digest, affords a very gross aliment, and produces, especially in hot climates, cutaneous, scrophulous, and scorbutic disorders, as the itch, leprosy, etc.