Translators Amalgamated Hebrew Old Testament (TAHOT)

This data is based on the exact Leningrad codex. Divergences from other important Hebrew manuscripts are recorded as variants. (see the list of abbreviations below). Each verse is displayed as word-per-line and also in interlinear format.

This data aims to represents the text actually used by Bible translators, which is occasionally is different to that found in the Leningrad codex. Therefore this text deviates from Leningrad when it:

1) Follows the Qere,
2) Restores missing text and
3) Adds words preserved in the LXX if they are used by translators.

The Qere ('spoken') is the scribal marginal corrections which are generally followed by the KJV and all subsequent translators. The Ketiv (i.e. the text that the Qere replaces) is recorded as a variant. These are recorded as "Q" & "K", with "L" recording the actual text of Leningrad which consists of the letters of K with the pointing of Q

The Qere recorded here are all those in the Leningrad codex plus some from others manuscripts that are listed in the BHS apparatus

Restoration of text is necessary at Joshua 21:36-37 & Nehemiah 7:68 because these are missing in the Leningrad codex. They are restored from the text of 1 Chronicles 6:63-64 and Ezra 2:66. They are marked as "R".

Additional words or phrases preserved in the LXX are converted back to Hebrew as in the apparatus of BHS & BHK. These are marked as "X". They occur at Genesis 4:8; Numbers 26:40; Deuteronomy 30:16; Judges 16:13,14; 1 Samuel 10:1; 13:1; 13:15; 1 Samuel 14:41; 2 Samuel 12:16; 13:34; 2 Samuel 15:8; 23:33; 2 Samuel 24:17; 2 Kings 25:3; 1 Chronicles 4:13; 6:27; 1 Chronicles 6:28,59; 1 Chronicles 6:60,1 Chronicles 6:77; 1 Chronicles 7:25; 8:29; 1 Chronicles 8:30; 9:41; 1 Chronicles 21:17; 25:9; 2 Chronicles 15:8; Ezra 8:5,10; Esther 3:7; Psalm 25:21; 56:7; Psalm 145:13; Ecclesiastes 9:2;

Word Type Abbreviations and Editions

• L = Leningrad manuscript
• R = Restored text based on Leningrad parallels - i.e. Joshua 21:36-37 from 1 Chronicles 6:63-64 and Nehemiah 7:68 from Ezra 2:66
• X = "based on Greek sources" - i.e. extra words based on LXX, expressed in Hebrew as in the apparatus of BHS or BHK - e.g. 1 Samuel 13:1 Saul was שְׁלֹשִׁים שָׁנָ֖ה ('a thirty year-old') not שָׁנָ֖ה ('a year-old')
• Q = "a Scribal correction" - i.e. the Qere ('spoken') corrections by scribes. This is made up of the letters in the margin and the pointing in the text.
• K = "the uncorrected text" - i.e. the Ketiv ('written') is noted as a variant. This is made up of the letters in the text, pointed by Tyndale scholars.
• L = the letters of K with pointing of Q, as found in Leningrad is recorded as a spelling variant. e.g. Genesis 27:3 L = צָיִדה, K = צֵידָה ('food'), Q = צָיִד ('wild game')
• A = "in the Aleppo manuscript" - e.g. Isaiah 27:2 חֶ֖מֶר ('wine') for חֶ֖מֶד ('delight')
• B = "in the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia" - i.e. BHS edition when it deviates from MT - e.g. Numbers 7:59 פְּדָה־צֽוּר (Pedah-zur') for פְּדָהצֽוּר ('Pedahzur')
• C = "in the Cairensis manuscript" - e.g. 2 Samuel 11:1 הַמְּלָכִ֗ים ('kings') for הַמַּלְאֿכִ֗ים ('messengers')
• D = "in a Dead Sea or Judean Desert manuscript" - eg Psalm 22:16(17) כָּ֝אֲרוּ ('they dug') for כָּ֝אֲרִ֗י ('like a lion')
• E = "an emendation of ancient sources" - i.e. a scholarly guess at the original when the Hebrew looks garbled - eg Genesis 37:36 וְהַמִדְיָנִים (and the Midianites) for וְהַמְּדָנִים ('and the Medanites)
• F = "formatting the text differently" - i.e. changing pointing or word divisions without changing any letters - e.g. 1 Chronicles 24:26,27 בְנוֹ ('his son') for בְנוֹ ('Beno')
• H = "in the Ben Chaim edition" - i.e. the Second Rabbinic Bible - e.g. Genesis 25:15 חֲדַ֣ר ('Hadar') for חֲדַ֣ד ('Hadad')
• P = "with alternate punctuation" - as marked in major manuscripts - e.g. in Genesis 35:22 "Israel heard of it; and Jacob had 12 son" for "the concubine of his father; and Israel heard of it. And Jacob had 12 sons.
• S = "in Scribal traditions" - i.e. in Itture Sopherim, Tiqqune Sopherim, Masora etc based on the correction of the text of the Hebrew Scriptures by Heimann Jolowicz found here - e.g. Genesis 18:22 "Yahweh.. before Abraham" for "Abraham... before Yahweh".
• V = "a variant in some manuscripts" - i.e. variants in Hebrew manuscripts other than those above - e.g. Zephaniah 3:15 תִרְאִי ('you will see') for תִירְאִי ('you will fear')

Abbreviations for other variants - in brackets after the source. If the variant doesn't change the meaning, it is noted in lower case, e.g. L(a) means this is the form found in Leningrad, where Aleppo is different but still has the same meaning.

Hebrew Interlinear Descriptions

Bible reference in English Bibles, as defined by the KJV. Word orders of the Hebrew Ketiv text, dividing words by spaces and metheg. [Exception: at Genesis 14:17 the name Kedorlaomer is uncharacteristically divided as Kedorlaomer ( כְּדָרְ־לָעֹ֔מֶר ) except in Aleppo, so this is counted as one word despite the metheg.]

English Translation

The order of English words follows the order within the Hebrew word. Words in <angle brackets> are in the Hebrew but are best not included in a translation. Words in [square brackets] aren't in the Hebrew but are implied and are best included in a translation.

Hebrew

Full Hebrew including pointing, cantillation and punctuation. This Hebrew was derived from Westminster Leningrad text WLC 4.20 via OpenScriptures, checked against the Stugartensia electronic text, then occasionally corrections towards the Leningrad Codex by BHS or by Tyndale scholars. It is, essentially, a corrected version of BHS.

Grammar/Morphology

Is from ETCBC, with Ketiv forms parsed by Tyndale scholars - see e.g. Deuteronomy 33:2-15. For the source of ETCBC and conversion method by Tyndale House, see https://goo.gl/yKaXQq#HebMorph2. Morphology codes follow the form defined by OpenScriptures at http://openscriptures.github.io/morphhb/parsing/HebrewMorphologyCodes.html#vt with some adaptations

Texts

L=Leningrad text; Q=Qere scribal corrections; K=original text; R=Restored text (i.e. Joshua 21:36-37; Nehemiah 7:68); X=extra text from LXX as reconstructed in BHS or BHK. Other letters are used for variants - see the list above. Brackets indicate a variant which is in lower case if it might not affect the translation.

Translators normally follow L, and when this presents a choice between Q and K they follow Q, so K is presented as a variant. If there is more than one variant they are separated by "+" - e.g.:Nehemiah 2:13#17=Q(K+B) indicates that this Hebrew word follows the Qere and has two variants: the Ketiv (which in this case is upper case "K" to indicate it is different enough to affect the translation), and the BHS which records the Leningrad text differently than Tyndale scholars, and this affects the translation.

If two sources record the same variant they simply follow each other - e.g. "=LA(HC+b) indicates the text follows Leningrad which is identical to Aleppo while there is a significant variant that is found in both Ben Haim and Cairensis and a different variant in BHS that is non-significant - i.e. it isn't sufficiently different to change the meaning so it is recorded in lower case.

Footnotes:

• Meaning variants - These are significant variants that are adopted by standard Bible translations which can result in a different translation. The difference may not be reflected in translations. For example, Ruth 3:14 has Ketiv "his foot" replaced by Qere "his feet" (because single 'foot' is a euphemism for penis). This verse also has "before" spelled as בִּטְרוֹם in Ketiv and בְּטֶ֛רֶם in Qere. Both are recorded in detail even though they make little or no difference in most translations.
• Spelling variants - These spelling differences have no effect on the meaning, and are not recorded in the Interlinear layout.

Adapted from STEPBible Data Repository CC BY 4.0