TAHOT - Translators Amalgamated Hebrew OT - STEPBible.org CC BY
This data is based on the exact Leningrad codex. Divergences from other important Hebrew manuscripts are recorded as variants. (see the list of abbreviations below). Each verse is displayed as word-per-line and also in interlinear format.
This data aims to represents the text actually used by Bible translators, which is occasionally is different to that found in the Leningrad codex. Therefore this text deviates from Leningrad when it:
1) Follows the Qere,
2) Restores missing text and
3) Adds words preserved in the LXX if they are used by translators.
The Qere ('spoken') is the scribal marginal corrections which are generally followed by the KJV and all subsequent translators. The Ketiv (i.e. the text that the Qere replaces) is recorded as a variant. These are recorded as "Q" & "K", with "L" recording the actual text of Leningrad which consists of the letters of K with the pointing of Q
The Qere recorded here are all those in the Leningrad codex plus some from others manuscripts that are listed in the BHS apparatus
Restoration of text is necessary at Josh.21.36-37 & Neh.7.67b because these are missing in the Leningrad codex. They are restored from the text of 1Chr.6.63-64 and Ezra.2.66. They are marked as "R".
Additional words or phrases preserved in the LXX are converted back to Hebrew as in the apparatus of BHS & BHK. These are marked as "X". They occur at Gen.4.8; Num.26.40; Deut.30.16; Judg.16.13,14; 1Sam.10.1; 13.1; 13.15; 1Sam.14.41; 2Sam.12.16; 13.34; 2Sam.15.8; 23.33; 2Sam.24.17; 2Kgs.25.3; 1Chr.4.13; 6.27; 1Chr.6.28,59; 1Chr.6.60,1Chr.6.77; 1Chr.7.25; 8.29; 1Chr.8.30; 9.41; 1Chr.21.17; 25.9; 2Chr.15.8; Ezra.8.5,10; Esth.3.7; Ps.25.21; 56.7; Ps.145.13; Eccl.9.2;
Word Type Abbreviations and Editions
Word Type Abbreviations and Editions
- L = Leningrad manuscript
- R = Restored text based on Leningrad parallels - i.e. Josh.21.36-37 from 1Chr.6.63-64 and Neh.7.67b from Ezra.2.66
- X = "based on Greek sources" - i.e. extra words based on LXX, expressed in Hebrew as in the apparatus of BHS or BHK - e.g. 1Sam.13.1 Saul was שְׁלֹשִׁים שָׁנָ֖ה ('a thirty year-old') not שָׁנָ֖ה ('a year-old')
- Q = "a Scribal correction" - i.e. the Qere ('spoken') corrections by scribes. This is made up of the letters in the margin and the pointing in the text.
- K = "the uncorrected text" - i.e. the Ketiv ('written') is noted as a variant. This is made up of the letters in the text, pointed by Tyndale scholars.
- L = the letters of K with pointing of Q, as found in Leningrad is recorded as a spelling variant. e.g. Gen.27.3 L = צָיִדה, K = צֵידָה ('food'), Q = צָיִד ('wild game')
- A = "in the Aleppo manuscript" - e.g. Isa.27.2 חֶ֖מֶר ('wine') for חֶ֖מֶד ('delight')
- B = "in the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia" - i.e. BHS edition when it deviates from MT - e.g. Num.7.59 פְּדָה־צֽוּר (Pedah-zur') for פְּדָהצֽוּר ('Pedahzur')
- C = "in the Cairensis manuscript" - e.g. 2Sam.11.1 הַמְּלָכִ֗ים ('kings') for הַמַּלְאֿכִ֗ים ('messengers')
- D = "in a Dead Sea or Judean Desert manuscript" - eg Ps.22.16(17) כָּ֝אֲרוּ ('they dug') for כָּ֝אֲרִ֗י ('like a lion')
- E = "an emendation of ancient sources" - i.e. a scholarly guess at the original when the Hebrew looks garbled - eg Gen.37.36 וְהַמִדְיָנִים (and the Midianites) for וְהַמְּדָנִים ('and the Medanites)
- F = "formatting the text differently" - i.e. changing pointing or word divisions without changing any letters - e.g. 1Chr.24.26,27 בְנוֹ ('his son') for בְנוֹ ('Beno')
- H = "in the Ben Chaim edition" - i.e. the Second Rabbinic Bible - e.g. Gen.25.15 חֲדַ֣ר ('Hadar') for חֲדַ֣ד ('Hadad')
- P = "with alternate punctuation" - as marked in major manuscripts - e.g. in Gen.35.22 "Israel heard of it; and Jacob had 12 son" for "the concubine of his father; and Israel heard of it. And Jacob had 12 sons.
- S = "in Scribal traditions" - i.e. in Itture Sopherim, Tiqqune Sopherim, Masora etc based on the correction of the text of the Hebrew Scriptures by Heimann Jolowicz found here - e.g. Gen.18.22 "Yahweh.. before Abraham" for "Abraham... before Yahweh".
- V = "a variant in some manuscripts" - i.e. variants in Hebrew manuscripts other than those above - e.g. Zeph.3.15 תִרְאִי ('you will see') for תִירְאִי ('you will fear')
[Most of these variants are yet to be added.)]
Abbreviations for other variants - in brackets after the source. If the variant doesn't change the meaning, it is noted in lower case, eg L(a) means this is the form found in Leningrad, where Aleppo is different but still has the same meaning.